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There are four recognized types of child abuse
  • Neglect

    Failure to provide for a child’s basic needs—physical, educational, and / or emotional.

  • Physical Abuse

    Injury as a result of hitting, kicking, shaking, burning, or otherwise harming a child.

  • Emotional Abuse

    Any pattern of behavior that impairs a child’s emotional development or sense of self-worth, including constant criticism, threats, and rejection.

  • Sexual Abuse

    Indecent exposure, fondling, rape, or commercial exploitation through prostitution or the production of pornographic material.

Risk Factors

Although the presence of certain risk factors can increase the likelihood of child abuse, their existence does not automatically lead to abuse. Rather, recent research suggests that child abuse arises from the interaction of risk factors which compounds stress and parenting challenges within families.

Risk Factors for Children
  • Lack of understanding about children’s needs, child development, and parenting skills
  • History of abuse in the family
  • Adult substance abuse or mental health issues
  • Low levels of education
  • Large number of dependent children
  • Financial challenges or difficulties
  • Thoughts and emotions supporting abusive behaviors
Risk Factors for Families
  • Social isolation
  • Family disorganization, dissolution, and violence (including intimate partner violence)
  • Parenting stress, including stress associated with being a young, transient, or unsupported caregivers
  • Poor parent-child relationships and negative interactions
Risk Factors for Communities
  • Social and socioeconomic inequality
  • High poverty
  • High residential instability / lack of adequate housing
  • Poor social connections
  • Community violence
  • High unemployment rates
  • High density of alcohol outlets
  • Take Action to identify and prevent abuse

    Children are often afraid or ashamed to tell anyone or may not understand that what is happening to them is wrong. Certain behavioral and physical signs can indicate abuse and should lead you to look further.

  • How Toxic Stress Impacts a Child

    Toxic stress can occur when a child experiences strong, frequent, and/or prolonged adversity—such as physical or emotional abuse, or chronic neglect—and it can harm their brains and bodies.

Learn More About Child Abuse and Toxic Stress
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